{"id":127,"date":"2013-11-04T11:24:28","date_gmt":"2013-11-04T16:24:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.butler.edu\/ghsislam13\/?page_id=127"},"modified":"2013-12-09T16:47:41","modified_gmt":"2013-12-09T21:47:41","slug":"jerusalem","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/blogs.butler.edu\/ghsislam13\/mw-350\/jerusalem\/","title":{"rendered":"Jerusalem"},"content":{"rendered":"

By: Honor Bennett, Olivia Crum & Sam Ludlow<\/span><\/p>\n

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Panorama\u00a0of\u00a0Temple Mount Outside Dome of the Rock
\nby\u00a0Adam Jones, Ph. D.\u00a0<\/a>, used under\u00a0\"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Jerusalem, one of the oldest cities in the world, is located in the Judean Mountains between the Mediterranean and Dead Sea. According to Biblical tradition, King David established the city as the capital of the United Kingdom of Israel. Israelis and Palestinians both claim Jerusalem as their capital. Israel maintains its primary governmental institutions in Jerusalem.
\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Jerusalem is revered to be the third holiest city in the Islamic population. It is considered a holy city for the three major monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. This city is significant to these religions for both spiritual and emotional reasons. For Muslims, this city represents the goal of their Prophet Mohammad during his journey. It is also home to the place of two of Islam’s most sacred shrines, The Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aqsa Mosque.\u00a0The anomaly of Jerusalem is that while it is one of the most holy cities in the entire world, it has seen the most conflict. Jerusalem has been destroyed at least twice, besieged 23 times, attacked\u00a0an additional 52 times, and captured and recaptured 44 times.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"800px-Jerusalem_from_mt_olives\"<\/a>

Jerusalem Old City from Mount Olives
by\u00a0Wayne McLean\u00a0<\/a>, used under\u00a0\"\"<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

History<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\"YouTube<\/a><\/span><\/span>\n

 <\/p>\n

Places of Religious Importance<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

There are two major infrastructures considered to by holy by Muslims in Jerusalem; they are the dome of the Rock and the Al-Aqsa Mosque. Bot<\/span>h of these structures lie within the walls of the Holy Haram (sanctuary). This area is surrounded by walls of stone with several gates and roads leading into the main focal point of the city.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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The Dome of the Rock and Palm
by Francisco Martins, used under \"\"<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n

The Dome of the Rock is the o<\/span>ldest structure in\u00a0<\/span>Islam, which was completed in 691 CE. It was built by the Umayyad\u00a0<\/span>Caliph and shelters the rock\u00a0<\/span>from\u00a0<\/span>where the Profit Muhammad ascended into heaven. The Dome<\/span>\u00a0gave a literal location to this holy figurative place mentioned in the Qur’an<\/span>.\u00a0However, this is a shrine used for Muslim pilgrimages, not a\u00a0mosque for daily worship rituals.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

This structure has an apex reaching approximately 115 feet and is formed with many peers and columns. The center portion of the dome has remained unchanged for more than 14 centuries, but there have been many renovations.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Al-Aqsa\u2019s Interior Restoration
by Asim Bharwani<\/a>, used under \"\"<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n

The Al-Aqsa Mosque, built in the early 8th century, was originally built to accommodate approximately three thousand worshipers. Over time, however, earthquakes destroyed the mosque. The majority of the current, visible structure of the mosque was constructed in the 14th century. The dome is comprised of an inner and outer wooden dome. The inside is lavishly decorated in raised and painted gesso with flora and geometric configurations; the lower half of the inner dome also contains inscriptions. The dome has under gone many reconstructions over time, including the repainting of all of the decorations on the inside of the dome.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Under the Umayyad Caliph, the construction of the Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa asserted\u00a0<\/span>historical importance in the Islamic faith were there was none before. Both of these shrines are of great importance to the Muslim people still today.<\/span><\/p>\n

Religions in Jerusalem<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Muslims formed a minority of the Arab population of Jerusalem in the first decade of the twentieth century. By the year 2000, Muslims outnumbered Christians by an overwhelming margin. Because Jerusalem is considered to be the third holiest place on earth, the pilgrimage to Jerusalem is viewed as an optional compliment to the hajj in Mecca.<\/span><\/p>\n

Christians constitute the smaller, but most diversified portion of the population the main groups are orthodox Monophysite, Roman Catholic, and Protestant. The Greek Orthodox Church holds a patriarch with jurisdiction over the entire Holy Land. The Roman Catholic Church was established in 1099 during the First Crusade. This ruling was terminated when the Muslims won the city in 1244.<\/span><\/p>\n

Jerusalem is the center of Jewish religious worship. The most sacred place is the Temple Mount. Many Orthodox Jews don’t step foot on the Temple Mount in fear of tainting the purity of the holy site. Another holy place includes the tomb of King David on Mount Zion. This includes the Mount of Olives ancient Jewish cemetery and the tombs of priestly families in the Valley of Kidron. Jerusalem is one of the world’s foremost centers of rabbinic learning and contains many schools for Jewish student learning. The most notable modern religious structure is the Jerusalem Great Synagogue.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Coexist\/Christianity, Judaism and Islam in Jerusalem
by Jo N<\/a>, used under \"\"<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Works Cited<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Islamic Studies<\/i>\u00a0, Vol. 40, No. 3\/4, Special Issue: Jerusalem (Autumn-Winter 2001), pp. 721-734<\/p>\n

“The Muslim Claim to Jerusalem.”\u00a0:: Daniel Pipes<\/i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Dec. 2013. <http:\/\/www.danielpipes.org\/84\/the-muslim-claim-to-jerusalem>.<\/p>\n

“Jerusalem: 4000 Years in 5 Minutes.”\u00a0YouTube<\/i>. YouTube, 30 May 2011. Web. 03 Dec. 2013. <https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=2mR2W43t6tI>.<\/p>\n

“Internet Archive: Wayback Machine.”\u00a0Internet Archive: Wayback Machine<\/i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Dec. 2013. <http:\/\/web.archive.org\/>.<\/p>\n

“History: Timeline for the History of Jerusalem.”\u00a0Timeline for the History of Jerusalem<\/i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Dec. 2013. http:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/jsource\/Peace\/jerutime.html<\/a><\/p>\n

Encyclopedia Britannica Online<\/i>. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 03 Dec. 2013. <http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/>.<\/p>\n

“ABC-CLIO EBooks.”\u00a0ABC-CLIO EBooks<\/i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Dec. 2013. <http:\/\/ebooks.abc-clio.com\/main.aspx?token=0>.<\/p>\n

Studies in Conservation<\/i>\u00a0, Vol. 30, No. 3 (Aug., 1985), pp. 129-135<\/p>\n

“Do We Divide The Holiest Holy City?”\u00a0Http:\/\/www.momentmag.com<\/i>. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Dec. 2013. <http:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20080603214950\/http:\/\/www.momentmag.com\/Exclusive\/2008\/2008-03\/200803-Jerusalem.html>.<\/p>\n

“Jerusalem (Israel).”\u00a0Encyclopedia Britannica Online<\/i>. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 03 Dec. 2013. <http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic\/302812\/Jerusalem>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

By: Honor Bennett, Olivia Crum & Sam Ludlow Panorama\u00a0of\u00a0Temple Mount Outside Dome of the Rock by\u00a0Adam Jones, Ph. D.\u00a0, used under\u00a0 Introduction Jerusalem, one of the oldest cities in the world, is located in the Judean Mountains between the Mediterranean and Dead Sea. According to Biblical tradition, King David established the city as the capital […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2479,"featured_media":0,"parent":32,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-127","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/blogs.butler.edu\/ghsislam13\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/127","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/blogs.butler.edu\/ghsislam13\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/blogs.butler.edu\/ghsislam13\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/blogs.butler.edu\/ghsislam13\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2479"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/blogs.butler.edu\/ghsislam13\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=127"}],"version-history":[{"count":39,"href":"http:\/\/blogs.butler.edu\/ghsislam13\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/127\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":274,"href":"http:\/\/blogs.butler.edu\/ghsislam13\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/127\/revisions\/274"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/blogs.butler.edu\/ghsislam13\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/32"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/blogs.butler.edu\/ghsislam13\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=127"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}