{"id":175,"date":"2013-11-04T11:37:14","date_gmt":"2013-11-04T16:37:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blogs.butler.edu\/ghsislam13\/?page_id=175"},"modified":"2013-12-12T16:38:16","modified_gmt":"2013-12-12T21:38:16","slug":"moorish-spain-to-1492","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/blogs.butler.edu\/ghsislam13\/tr-515\/moorish-spain-to-1492\/","title":{"rendered":"Moorish Spain to 1492"},"content":{"rendered":"

Authors: Eugene Vivelo, Aubrey Detert, Jon Smith<\/strong><\/span>
\nButler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208<\/p>\n

Acknowledgements
\nWe would like to thank Dr. Keating for his help and guidance on this project.<\/p>\n

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\"Spanish<\/a>

Decline of Moorish Spain
by Strokely44<\/a>, used under \"\"<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n

Moorish Spain: The Beginning\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

In the year 711, a Berber army under the leadership of Tariq ibn Ziyad crossed the Straits of Gibraltar into the Iberian Peninsula.Battle broke out between the invading army and Spain, led by King Roderic.\u00a0Astonishingly, the Berber army was victorious. The King of Spain was murdered and the army went on to take over the capital city of Toledo (Fletcher 1).<\/p>\n

The Moors brought knowledge of Eastern Civilizations like the Chinese, Indians, and Persians and combined it with their knowledge from the Western Civilizations, Greeks and Romans. The combination of the knowledge from these civilizations allowed the Islamic scientists to make great gains in technology, in a largely stagnant-technological-age of the Middle Age.<\/p>\n

\"Tariq-ibn-Ziyad---w\"<\/p>\n

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Tariq-ibn-Ziyad, leader of the Berber army<\/p>\n

by Unknown<\/a>, used under \"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

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Education and Technology<\/strong><\/span>
\n<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The Moors valued education and literacy. This is coupled with not only their culture, but their religion too. Throughout the Koran, there is great emphasis on the need for knowledge. Every major Islamic city had great, vast libraries. The city of Baghdad claimed to have over 400,000 books inside its library, while Western libraries at the time had hundreds of books at best. The library of Paris only had 900 books at this time (Copestake 2005).<\/p>\n

One major contribution of the Moors was the Arabic number system. During the Medieval Ages, Europe was using the Roman number system which was neither very useful or effective. When Europeans learnt of the Arabic number system, they realized that it was far superior to the Roman number system and began to use it instead. The Arabic number system is still used today, nearly 1300 years later.<\/p>\n

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\"Astrolabe<\/a>

Astrolabe
by Kotomi_<\/a>, used under \"\"<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n

Al-Khwarizmi is recognized as the founder of modern Algebra. The actual name of algebra comes from the title of his most famous book, Kitab Al-Jabr wa al-Muqabilah (“The Book of Integration and Equation”). This book on algebra, in its translated form, was the \u00a0principal mathematics textbook in European universities until the 16th century (Backer).<\/p>\n

The Moors were also credited with the invention of the astrolabe. The astrolabe is an instrument that has many different uses, such as telling time, locating different objects in space, and to find the length of a day. This invention was very ahead of its time and was incredibly helpful for the Moors. There is another type of astrolabe that can be used for navigation. This was often used by men who traveled at sea during this time (Backer).<\/p>\n

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Medicine<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

The Moors were also highly advanced when it came to medicine. Ibni Sa\u2019eed was a prominent physician in Cordova and he was the author of a book that included information about pediatrics and embryology. This book led to several advancements in areas such as childbirth and midwifery. Surgical procedures of Moorish Spain were also advanced during this time. Az-Zaharawi, a prominent surgeon, wrote a book entitled \u201cAt-Tasreef.\u201dThe book included advanced surgical methods along with over 200 surgical instruments that Az-Zaharawi created himself. This book led to even greater medical advancements in the future (Kahn.)<\/p>\n

Architecture\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Yusuf ibn Naghralla was a high ranking political figure and leader for the Berber King Badis ibn Habbus.\u00a0 He was given power and control to be the leader of the Jewish population in the Granada area where he reconstructed the Alhambra fortress in the 1300\u2019s and converted it into more of a palace rather than a fort. \u00a0He did this without the approval of the majority his people. \u00a0The fortress was described as extravagant and lavish.\u00a0 Expensive stone and vital resources were used to assemble the fortress instead of being used to help the outer areas in need.\u00a0 The main resource he took advantage of was water, redirecting the main well in the area to the structure.\u00a0 Many people suffered and Yusuf made enemies because of his selfishness.\u00a0 The fortress would later be invaded and most of the castle would be demolished by the Muslims, once again leaving the Alhambra in ruins in many sections. (Bargebuhr, 1956)<\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/p>\n

The Alhambra<\/p>\n

by AlbertNLFoto<\/a>, used under \"\"<\/a><\/p>\n

The Alhambra would fall into despair and once again be resurrected.\u00a0 It is now one of Spain\u2019s major tourist spots.\u00a0 The architecture of the building is considered by many very beautiful.\u00a0 The outside is still a simple stone and reflects the sunlight off of the tan stone walls.\u00a0 Water fountains extravagant columns run throughout the Alhambra.\u00a0 The columns and decorations still show signs of the Muslim rule of the late 1400\u2019s, but since the Renaissance influence around the 15th<\/sup> and 16th<\/sup> century (Aldine, 1874) many paintings have been added and the furniture of the building has been redone and added.\u00a0 Another important part of the grounds are the gardens which have been taken care of and viewed as art by many. \u00a0Overall the structure of the building has stayed almost the same. (Earle, 1981)<\/p>\n

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Works Cited<\/strong><\/p>\n

Backer, P. (n.d.).\u00a0islam spain and the history of technology history of technology<\/i>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.engr.sjsu.edu\/pabacker\/history\/islam.htm\\<\/p>\n

Bargebuhr, F. (1956) The Alhambra Palace of the Eleventh Century. Retrieved from Warburg institute. 19.3\/4 192-258. Print.<\/p>\n

Earle, G. (1981) Spanish-Moorish Architecture and Garden Style: Its Background, Meaning and Comparison with Western Style. Retrieved from Environmental Review. 5.2 : 66-75. Print.<\/p>\n

Fletcher, R.\u00a0(1993).\u00a0Moorish spain<\/i>. Henry Holt and Company, Inc. Retrieved from http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?hl=en&lr=&id=wrMG-LfuU7oC&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=moorish spain&ots=PN_U3iydr9&sig=pXYO_woQBzhu7Vqqc7dhtWxgm0s<\/em><\/p>\n

Kahn, A. (n.d.).\u00a0Muslim spain and western europe<\/i>. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.renaissance.com.pk\/novletf194.html<\/p>\n

When the Moors Ruled in Europe. Dir. Timothy Copestake. Wildfire Television, 2005. DVD.<\/p>\n

\u00a9December 2013<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Authors: Eugene Vivelo, Aubrey Detert, Jon Smith Butler University, Indianapolis, IN 46208 Acknowledgements We would like to thank Dr. Keating for his help and guidance on this project.     Moorish Spain: The Beginning\u00a0 In the year 711, a Berber army under the leadership of Tariq ibn Ziyad crossed the Straits of Gibraltar into the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2479,"featured_media":0,"parent":35,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-175","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/blogs.butler.edu\/ghsislam13\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/175","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/blogs.butler.edu\/ghsislam13\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/blogs.butler.edu\/ghsislam13\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/blogs.butler.edu\/ghsislam13\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2479"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/blogs.butler.edu\/ghsislam13\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=175"}],"version-history":[{"count":40,"href":"http:\/\/blogs.butler.edu\/ghsislam13\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/175\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":586,"href":"http:\/\/blogs.butler.edu\/ghsislam13\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/175\/revisions\/586"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/blogs.butler.edu\/ghsislam13\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/35"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/blogs.butler.edu\/ghsislam13\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=175"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}